What are the main disadvantages of electric vehicles? Battery replacement, time taken to charge the battery, lesser range, high initial cost, etc.
What are the different types of electric vehicles? How are they classified? What are the features of each category of electric vehicles? Electric vehicles are classified into battery electric vehicle, hybrid electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.
What are the series, parallel, and series-parallel electric vehicle? Get the document and know more. The downloadable version of the compiled blog post will be a useful resource for you. The document can be shared to the needful so that they never miss the basic information about electric vehicle. Read Tesla Model Y electric car has been launched! It converts the alternating current supplied via the charging contact into a direct current since only direct current can be stored in batteries.
Charging with direct voltage DC charging is also possible. However, the supply of a direct voltage via a public electricity system is complex. High-Voltage System The high-voltage system is separate from the 12 V vehicle electrical system with one exception. All high-voltage lines are colored orange and are highly resistant to damage. They are reinforced by an additional woven sleeve that is also orange in color. Electrical connectors for the high-voltage system are reverse polarity protected and color coded.
Electrical components outside the high-voltage system e. In high-voltage vehicles that operate without combustion engine, components that are driven mechanically by the combustion engine using a belt drive need to be operated electrically. This does not necessarily have to be done with high voltage. Instead, the units can also be conigured as 12 V components that are supplied via the 12 V onboard supply e.
Units will be conigured as high-voltage components only if a high output is required, like with the air conditioner compressor. All high-voltage units are marked with a warning sticker. Transmission Pure electric vehicles BEV do not require the traditional transmission with several speeds. The polarity of the electric motor is simply reversed when you want to reverse the vehicle.
This means that the direction of rotation of the electric motor changes. The speed can be regulated ininitely with the accelerator pedal. As a rule, these are not manual transmissions, but automatic or dual clutch transmissions. Brake System An electric vehicle has two independent brake systems. This regenerative braking contributes to the high eficiency of the electric vehicles in particular in city trafic. In addition, the wear of the vehicle brakes is reduced by the regenerative braking system.
It can be conigured as a four-wheel drive vehicle or with one drive axle. Other hybrid variations are also possible. The two main concepts are described in this section. Drive with in-wheel motors 2. Four-wheel drive can be added with a drive shaft from the front axle. Another possibility is to use a second electric motor. In-wheel motors are currently not used. Some are currently on the market, others exist as prototypes. All concepts have a certain number of common high-voltage components.
The components are in all high voltage vehicles in different forms. The individual operating modes depend on factors like the charge state of the high-voltage battery, accelerator pedal position and brake pedal values. In this design, the interior is heated with the coolant from the combustion engine.
In a hybrid, all functions that are normally driven by the running combustion engine are performed by different high High-Voltage Battery voltage and 12 V units. The high voltage battery is charged depending on the charge High-Voltage status. One of the electric motors is used exclusively as an alternator or starter and the other electric motor is used as an electric motor and alternator. The two electric motors and the combustion engine are connected to each other via clutches. The operating mode determines the interaction of the two electric motors and the combustion engine.
The high-voltage battery in the TwinDrive can also be charged via an external V connection. The vehicle also has a 12 V onboard supply with its own 12 V onboard supply battery. The vehicle is driven by Electric Motor 1. Then Electric Motor 2 runs as an alternator and feeds the high-voltage battery.
This motor supplies energy so High-Voltage Electric Motor 1 can drive the vehicle electrically. Battery This operating mode does not happen frequently. This function depends on the High-Voltage charge state of the high-voltage battery. The combustion engine drives the vehicle while charging the high High-Voltage Battery voltage battery though Electric Motor 2.
The energy from the deceleration of the vehicle is converted into Electric Motor 2 Runs as an Alternator a direct voltage by the two power electronics units and immediately stored in the high-voltage battery. The electric motors and power electronics are deactivated.
The charging cable is Charging Contact connected to the vehicle via the charging contact. Electric Motor 2 Off When a source of electricity for charging the high- voltage battery is recognized by the control module, two charge protection relays are closed. High-Voltage Battery The charging process is stopped when the battery is Charged capacity has been reached. Electrical components that are activated during the charging process are Electric Motor 1 Off powered by the external charging source.
The battery can only be charged using regenerative braking or an external power source. In addition to the high-voltage system, the vehicle has a 12 V onboard supply with its own 12 V onboard supply battery.
The vehicle can come to a complete stop using this function - without using the brake pedal. The electric drive motor does not generate enough heat for the interior of the vehicle. Because of this, the blue-e-motion has a high-voltage heating system. The power Supplies Power electronics convert the direct voltage into an alternating voltage to drive the electric motor.
High-Voltage The comfort requirements of the occupants are met Battery with a high-voltage heating system and a high-voltage Supplies Power air conditioner compressor. When the external charging Battery source is connected, the vehicle is charged is Charged automatically up to the previously set value. The process is ended automatically.
It is driven by a combustion engine and two electric motors. Unlike the previously described systems, the combustion engine does not have a mechanical connection to the drive axles.
The vehicle has an electric-only drive. The combustion engine only drives Electric Motor 1, which functions as a generator and charges the high voltage battery while the vehicle is driven. This setup allows the vehicle range to be extended.
The high-voltage battery is mainly charged externally. The mobile recharging possibility with the combustion engine and Electric Motor 1 working as an alternator can be seen as a back-up generator. In addition to the high- voltage system, the vehicle has a 12 V onboard supply with its own 12 V onboard supply battery. Convenience High-Voltage components high-voltage heating system and high Battery voltage air conditioner compressor and the volt Supplies Power onboard supply battery are powered through Power Electronics 2.
The Electric Motor 1 Runs as an Alternator combustion engine starts to continue the journey. It drives Electric Motor 1 and charges the high- High-Voltage voltage battery. Electric Motor 2 is the only source Battery Charging and of propulsion and the only means of regenerative Supplying braking.
The high-voltage battery is charged through the charging connection on High-Voltage the vehicle, the high voltage charger and the two Battery charge protection relays. The charging process is is Charged automatically monitored and ended by the system.
The vehicle is fueled with hydrogen and obtains the electrical energy for the electric motor from a fuel cell module. In this module, the hydrogen is turned into water to produce electrical energy. Depending on the operating mode, the charging voltage for the high voltage battery is used for the drive. There is no combustion engine. In addition to the high-voltage system, the vehicle also has a 12 V onboard supply with its own 12 V onboard supply battery.
During over-run, the electric motor functions as an alternator. The fueling procedure is identical to that for natural gas. The hydrogen is pumped into pressurized tanks under the vehicle at pressures up to bar 10, psi.
Due to the physical properties of hydrogen, 80 litres weigh about 6. The hydrogen reaches the fuel cell through pressure reducers. At an operating pressure of 3 bar, it supplies a direct voltage of V to V. Vehicles with high-voltage systems HV have components that work with voltages above 60V direct voltage or 25V alternating voltage. Some of the components in these vehicles require a high level of electrical power. The high-voltage systems in vehicles work with direct voltages of up to V and very high peak currents.
All muscle reactions, like moving you arm, your heart beat or eyes winking, are controlled by electrical stimulation. These electrical stimulations are conducted inside the body through nerve pathways in a similar way to currents in electrical circuits. If you touch live high-voltage components, the current can low through your body.
Even with direct currents above approximately 30 mA, temporary heart pulse disturbance can occur depending on how long the current lows through the body. At even higher currents in the body, serious internal burns occur and in some cases ventricular ibrillation can result. If the two poles of an electrical system are short-circuited, there is a risk of arcing. This can cause serious external burns on the human body and electro-ophthalmia of the eyes.
Please refer to the repair information for speciic vehicle information. This isolation of the high-voltage system from the body ground is also called electrical isolation. How it Works To achieve this isolation, the high-voltage system has its own equipotential bonding. The high-voltage system and the 12 V onboard supply are electrically isolated from each other so that there can be no accidental short-circuit and a low of current to the 12 V Onboard Supply High-Voltage System body ground.
There is no connection to the body ground. This opens the protective relays and the high-voltage battery is disconnected from the high-voltage system. The high-voltage system is de-energized after a short time. The high-voltage battery itself and the high-voltage lines up to the protective relays are still energized. Each high-voltage connection has its own protective relay that can interrupt the circuit.
The protective relays have the task of connecting the high voltage system in the vehicle contactor closed or disconnecting it contactor open. How it Works The protective relays are only switched by the high-voltage system.
If the contactors are de- energized, they open and the high-voltage battery is disconnected from the high-voltage system in the High-Voltage System Deactivated rest of the vehicle. The command to open can be triggered by different situations. If you turn off the vehicle and remove the ignition key, this also opens the contactors and activates the other safety systems.
High-voltage battery 2. Battery management 3. Protective relay contactor 4. Power electronics 5. Air conditioner compressor Work on the high-voltage system may only be performed by qualiied Volkswagen high-voltage technicians. The instructions in the repair information must be strictly followed for the proper and safe use of the special high-voltage tools. The pilot line is a low-voltage system. Battery manager 3. Maintenance connector 4. Pilot line connectors 5. Connections for high-voltage components How it Works The pilot line circuit is interrupted as soon as a high voltage contact on a high-voltage component is disconnected.
This happens whenever a cable is disconnected, the maintenance connector is removed or when a high-voltage component is replaced. If the maintenance connector is unlocked and removed, the pilot line is disconnected.
This opens the contactors, causing the high voltage battery to be disconnected from the high-voltage system. It also separates the two halves of the battery.
The maintenance connector may also contain the main fuse for the high voltage battery e. Set-up Using Touareg Hybrid as an Example The maintenance connector is under an orange colored cover near to the high-voltage battery in the electronics box.
It is an electrical bridge between the battery modules of the high-voltage battery and, at the same time, part of the pilot line. The maintenance connector must be unlocked before it can be pulled out of its itting. The appearance of the connector may vary and depends on the vehicle type.
The protective relays contactors open and disconnect the high-voltage system from the high-voltage battery. Disconnecting the maintenance connector electrically isolates the battery modules of the high-voltage battery from each other. Only the actual battery modules are now live with a reduced voltage.
Make sure you follow the three basic rules of high-voltage safety: 1. De-energize the high-voltage system. Secure the vehicle against reactivation. This procedure is known as certiied de-energization and may only be performed by a high-voltage technician. As a result, the high-voltage safety is linked to the crash detection system via the airbag control module.
Crash Detected How it Works As soon as the airbag control module detects an accident and deploys the belt tensioner or airbags, the battery regulation control module is instructed via the CAN data bus to open the protective relays. Airbag control module contactor by turning the ignition on and off again. Data bus diagnostic interface The belt tensioners and airbags are deployed in the 3.
Control unit for battery regulation second crash stage. The contactors can then be 4. CAN message 5. High-voltage system closed again only with the VAS tester. Always refer to the respective guidelines for rescue services for information on the different ways to deactivate the high-voltage systems in crashed vehicles. They only connect the high-voltage battery to the charging contacts if the system detects that the charging contact has been connected and a voltage is present. The charging procedure can be performed safely in rain or if the contacts have been exposed to moisture.
Monitoring the Insulation Resistance The battery regulation control module transmits a test voltage while the high-voltage vehicle is in use.
The test voltage is V and has a low current which is not dangerous for humans. If all high-voltage components and wires are correctly insulated and shielded, the control module calculates and compares the previously set total resistance of the high-voltage system. If the insulation of a wire is damaged externally, for example, by a vermin bite, the insulation resistance changes.
The control module detects an insulation fault due to this change in resistance. Depending on the severity of the fault, various messages can appear in the vehicle instrument cluster. The insulation cannot be repaired because of the insulation resistance monitoring system. Slight deviations in the resistance, such as damp weather with salt ingress, can cause an insulation fault.
Parts carrying high voltages. Before starting work, perform certiied de- energization of the high voltage system. Electric shock if touched! De-activate high-voltage system. High-voltage battery Incorrect handling can cause injuries.
Example: In North America the household socket generates V alternating current Normal household sockets have one phase and supply a maximum current of 16 A at V.
If the high-voltage vehicle can be charged using a socket with three phases, the electrical power that is fed to the high-voltage battery is tripled.
As a result, the charging process is shorter. The household electrical system should be able to supply a constant high current for charging the high-voltage battery. The charging unit is fully set up at the customer's house and connected to the household system.
Ideally the unit should be installed as a three-phase charging facility. However, this option depends on the electrical infrastructure that is available at the customer's residence.
In many cities, electricity suppliers offer high-voltage vehicle users the possibility to charge the high-voltage batteries at public charging stations. These stations may vary in power output. When the high-voltage vehicle user is travelling, the high-voltage battery can be charged using a conventional electrical socket. The current rating can be changed with the selector housing in the center of the cable. This serves as protection so that the electrical system is not overloaded.
In addition, the housing contains a residual- current-operated circuit-breaker. This charging method takes longest to charge the high-voltage battery. During the talks between German car manufacturers, a standard connector type was agreed on. Charging can be 3-phase using volts or with just one phase using volts. The safety contact of the charging connector activates the charger in the vehicle.
The vehicle cannot be driven when the cable is connected. The connector contacts are scoop-proof deep socket to prevent connector cocking angle, IPXXB protection class.
In addition, a pilot line is used. This connector and the charging socket on the vehicle allow a charging process to be performed safely in any weather.
Thanks to its Internet capability and the networking connection, the phone can be used to operate certain electric vehicle components. An additional application app allows the smart phone to be linked to the vehicle. This function is not available on all vehicles. For certain hybrid vehicles with an electrical range of about 50 km, route planning is possible via the telephone.
An electric vehicle does not produce any direct emissions when driven. The high-voltage battery needs to be charged to move the vehicle. The electrical energy from the external charging source needs to be produced with renewable technology in order to rigorously implement CO2 reduction measures. The generated energy is used highly eficiently by an electric vehicle. The goal is the conscious use of resources by humans. This scheme invites us to think further and shows that ecologically sustained behavior is possible without sacriices and can also be fun.
Back then, mobility for everyone was addressed with the Volkswagen Beetle. At the web page www.
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